ASTM F1356-2008 控制新鲜和冷冻瘦肉和家禽病原体和其它微生物的辐照标准方法
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【英文标准名称】:StandardPracticeforIrradiationofFreshandFrozenRedMeatandPoultrytoControlPathogensandOtherMicroorganisms
【原文标准名称】:控制新鲜和冷冻瘦肉和家禽病原体和其它微生物的辐照标准方法
【标准号】:ASTMF1356-2008
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2008
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E10.01
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:bacteria;cattle;chicken;duck;electronbeam;equine;gammaradiation;goat;goose;guinea;HACCP;horse;irradiation;labeling;meat;microorganisms;mule;packaging;parasites;pathogens;pigeons;poultry;processing;sheep;swine;turkey;X-radiation
【摘要】:Theprincipalpurposeofirradiationistocontrol(reducethenumberof)pathogenicbacteriainfreshorfrozenredmeatandpoultrytoensurethesafetyofthesefoodsforhumanconsumption.IrradiationsignificantlyreducesthenumbersofvegetativepathogenicbacteriasuchasCampylobacter,Escherichiacoli,Listeria,Salmonella,Staphylococcusaureus,orYersiniaenterocolitica.TheprocessalsoinactivatesparasitessuchasTrichinellaspiralisandToxoplasmagondii.Theprocessmayextendtheshelflifeoffreshredmeatandpoultrybyreducingthenumbersofviable,vegetativespoilagebacteria,suchasPseudomonasspecies.Radiationprocessingoffreshandfrozenredmeatandpoultryisacriticalcontrolpoint(CCP)ofaHazardAnalysisofCriticalControlPoints(HACCP)program.Itservesasanimportantmeasuretocontrolanyresidualriskfrompathogenicmicroorganismsbeforetheproductreachestheconsumer.1.1Thispracticeoutlinesproceduresfortheirradiationoffreshorfrozenmeatandpoultry.Note18212;TheCodexAlimentariusCommissiondefinesmeatasx201C;theediblepartofanymammalx201D;andpoultryasx201C;anydomesticatedbird,includingchicken,turkeys,ducks,geese,guinea-fowls,orpigeonsx201D;(CAC/MISC5).Note28212;CurrentU.S.regulationslimitthedefinitionoflivestockspeciestocattle,sheep,swine,goat,horse,mule,orotherequineandpoultryspeciestochicken,turkey,duck,goose,andguinea(2,3).1.2Thispracticecoversabsorbeddosesusedforinactivationofparasitesandreductionofbacterialloadinfreshandfrozenredmeatandpoultry.Suchdosesaretypicallylessthan10kGy.1.3Thispracticeaddressesirradiationofpre-packagedproductforretailsaleorforuseasaningredientinotherproducts.Italsoaddressesthein-lineirradiationofunpackagedproduct.1.4Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
【中国标准分类号】:X08
【国际标准分类号】:67_120_10
【页数】:7P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语
【英文标准名称】:Methodsofmeasurementforequipmentusedindigitalmicrowaveradiotransmissionsystems.Part2:measurementsonterrestrialradio-relaysystems.Section4:transmitter/receiverincludingmodulator/demodulator.
【原文标准名称】:数字微波无线电发射系统使用设备的测量方法.第2部分:陆地无线电中继系统的测量.第4节:发射机/接收机(包括调制器/解调器)
【标准号】:NFC90-302-4-1996
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:法国
【发布日期】:1996-06-01
【实施或试行日期】:1996-06-05
【发布单位】:法国标准化协会(AFNOR)
【起草单位】:
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:M36
【国际标准分类号】:33_060_30
【页数】:25P;A4
【正文语种】:其他
【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodforShearTestingofBulkSolidsUsingtheJenikeShearCell
【原文标准名称】:用Jenike剪切室行散装固体剪切试验的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTMD6128-2006
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2006
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D18.24
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:墙壁摩擦角;体积密度;摩擦;粉末;剪切试验
【英文主题词】:bulksolid;cohesivestrength;effectiveangleoffriction;effectiveyieldlocus;flowfunction;internalfrictionangle;Jenikeshearcell;kinematicwallfrictionangle;powder;translationalsheartester;unconfinedyieldstrength;wallfriction
【摘要】:Reliable,controlledflowofbulksolidsfrombinsandhoppersisessentialinalmosteveryindustrialfacility.Unfortunately,flowstoppagesduetoarchingandratholingarecommon.Additionalproblemsincludeuncontrolledflow(flooding)ofpowders,segregationofparticlemixtures,useablecapacitywhichissignificantlylessthandesigncapacity,cakingandspoilageofbulksolidsinstagnantzones,andstructuralfailures.Bymeasuringtheflowpropertiesofbulksolids,anddesigningbinsandhoppersbasedontheseflowproperties,mostflowproblemscanbepreventedoreliminated.Forbulksolidswithasignificantpercentageofparticles(typically,onethirdormore)finerthanabout6mm(x00BC;in.),thecohesivestrengthisgovernedbythefines(-6-mmfraction).Forsuchbulksolids,cohesivestrengthandwallfrictiontestsmaybeperformedonthefinefractiononly.Note18212;Thequalityoftheresultproducedbythistestmethodisdependentonthecompetenceofthepersonnelperformingit,andthesuitabilityoftheequipmentandfacilitiesused.AgenciesthatmeetthecriteriaofPracticeD3740aregenerallyconsideredcapableofcompetentandobjectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc.UsersofthistestmethodarecautionedthatcompliancewithPracticeD3740doesnotinitselfassurereliableresults.Reliableresultsdependonmanyfactors;PracticeD3740providesameansofevaluatingsomeofthosefactors.PracticeD3740wasdevelopedforagenciesengagedinthetestingand/orinspectionofsoilandrock.Assuchitisnottotallyapplicabletoagenciesperformingthistestmethod.However,usersofthistestmethodshouldrecognizethattheframeworkofPracticeD3740isappropriateforevaluatingthequalityofanagencyperformingthistestmethod.Currentlythereisnoknownqualifyingnationalauthoritythatinspectsagenciesthatperformthistestmethod.1.1Thismethodcoverstheapparatusandproceduresformeasuringthecohesivestrengthofbulksolidsduringbothcontinuousflowandafterstorageatrest.Inaddition,measurementsofinternalfriction,bulkdensity,andwallfrictiononvariouswallsurfacesareincluded.1.2Thisstandardisnotapplicabletotestingbulksolidsthatdonotreachthesteadystaterequirementwithinthetravellimitoftheshearcell.Itisimpossibletoclassifyaheadoftimewhichbulksolidscannotbetested,butoneexamplemaybethoseconsistingofhighlyelasticparticles.1.3ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasstandard.1.4Themostcommonuseofthisinformationisinthedesignofstoragebinsandhopperstopreventflowstoppagesduetoarchingandratholing,includingtheslopeandsmoothnessofhopperwallstoprovidemassflow.Parametersforstructuraldesignofsuchequipmentalsomaybederivedfromthisdata.Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
【中国标准分类号】:A42
【国际标准分类号】:19_060
【页数】:20P.;A4
【正文语种】: